Abstract: Much of our mechanistic understanding of nucleotide excision repair (NER) has been derived from biochemical studies that have analysed the reaction as it occurs on DNA substrates that are not representative of DNA as it exists in the living cell. These studies have been extremely useful in deciphering the core mechanism of the NER reaction, but efforts to understand how NER operates in chromatin have been hampered in part because assembling DNA into nucleosomes, the first level of chromatin compaction, is inhibitory to NER in vitro. However, recent research using biochemical, genetic and cell-based studies is now providing us with the first insights into the molecular mechanism of NER as it occurs in the cellular context. A number of recent studies have provided glimpses of a chromatin--NER connection. Here I review this literature and evaluate how it might aid our understanding, and shape our future research into NER.